Table of Contents

Tilde expansion

~
~/...

~NAME
~NAME/...

~+
~+/...

~-
~-/...

The tilde expansion is used to expand to several specific pathnames:

Tilde expansion is only performed, when the tilde-construct is at the beginning of a word, or a separate word.

If there's nothing to expand, i.e., in case of a wrong username or any other error condition, the tilde construct is not replaced, it stays what it is.

Tilde expansion is also performed everytime a variable is assigned:

As of now (Bash 4.3-alpha) the following constructs also works, though it's not a variable assignment: 
echo foo=~
echo foo=:~
I don't know yet, if this is a bug or intended.

This way you can correctly use the tilde expansion in your PATH: 

PATH=~/mybins:~peter/mybins:$PATH

Spaces in the referenced pathes? A construct like… 

~/"my directory"
…is perfectly valid and works!

Home directory

~
~<NAME>

This form expands to the home-directory of the current user (~) or the home directory of the given user (~<NAME>).

If the given user doesn't exist (or if his home directory isn't determinable, for some reason), it doesn't expand to something else, it stays what it is. The requested home directory is found by asking the operating system for the associated home directory for <NAME>.

To find the home directory of the current user (~), Bash has a precedence:

That means, the variable HOME can override the "real" home directory, at least regarding tilde expansion.

Current working directory

~+

This expands to the value of the PWD variable, which holds the currect working directory: 

echo "CWD is $PWD"
is equivalent to (note it must be a separate word!): 
echo "CWD is" ~+

Previous working directory

~-

This expands to the value of the OLDPWD variable, which holds the previous working directory (the one before the last cd). If OLDPWD is unset (never changed the directory), it is not expanded. 

$ pwd
/home/bash
$ cd /etc
$ echo ~-
/home/bash

See also